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Ear defenders, also known as earmuffs or noise-protection earmuffs, combine physical barriers with sound attenuation mechanisms.
1. Physical Barrier
The ear defenders consist of two ear cups, usually made of a rigid outer shell and a soft, cushioned inner lining. The outer shell is designed to block out a significant amount of sound before it reaches the ears. For example, in a noisy industrial environment, the outer part of the ear cups, hard plastic or metal, can act as a first line of defence against loud machinery noises.
The cushioned inner lining serves two purposes. First, it provides a comfortable seal around the ears. This seal is crucial as it prevents sound from leaking through the gaps between the ear and the earmuff. When properly worn, the cushion conforms to the shape of the ear and the side of the head, creating an air-tight or nearly air-tight enclosure.
2. Sound – Attenuation Materials and Design
Inside the ear cups, there is sound-absorbing material. Commonly, this material is a type of foam or other acoustically treated substances. When sound waves enter the ear cup, they are absorbed and dissipated by this material. The foam is designed to have a porous structure. As the sound waves travel through the pores of the foam, the energy of the sound is converted into heat energy due to friction and interaction with the foam structure.
Some high-end ear defenders also use advanced technologies such as active noise cancellation. These ear defenders have built-in microphones that pick up ambient noise. The device generates an “anti-noise” signal 180 degrees out of phase with the incoming noise. When the anti-noise signal and the actual noise combine, they cancel each other out, reducing the noise level that reaches the ears. This technology is especially useful in environments with low-frequency, persistent noises, like aeroplane cabins or construction sites.
There are the following differences between noise-canceling headphones and earmuffs:
Noise-canceling principle:
Noise-canceling headphones: They mostly use active noise-canceling technology. They collect external noise through the microphone inside the headphones and generate sound waves with opposite phases to the noise after chip analysis and processing. The speakers then play these sound waves to cancel out the noise.
Earmuffs: They generally block sound physically, using soft materials and a good sealing design. They fit tightly to the head, reducing the sound from entering through the gap and effectively isolating high-frequency noise.
Noise-canceling effect:
Noise-canceling headphones greatly affect various noises, especially when suppressing low-frequency noise.
Earmuffs: They can reduce surrounding noise in general daily environments, and the technology is relatively simple to implement, which can solve most daily noise problems.
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